Explanation:

• Airway with cervical spine protection → Correct because airway obstruction is immediately life-threatening.

• Control of bleeding → Incorrect because it follows airway and breathing.

• Assessment of disability → Incorrect because it comes later in primary survey.

• Exposure of patient → Incorrect because it is done after ABCs.

• Secondary survey → Incorrect because it is performed after stabilization.

Explanation:

• Insulin → Correct because it promotes glucose uptake by cells.

• Glucagon → Incorrect because it raises blood glucose.

• Adrenaline → Incorrect because it increases blood glucose during stress.

• Cortisol → Incorrect because it increases gluconeogenesis.

• Thyroxine → Incorrect because it increases metabolic rate.

Explanation:

• Cleft lip and palate → Correct because it is the most common surgically treated congenital anomaly.

• Congenital heart disease → Incorrect because it is common but not most frequent surgical anomaly.

• Neural tube defect → Incorrect because it is less common.

• Hypospadias → Incorrect because it is common but less than clefts.

• Imperforate anus → Incorrect because it is less frequent.

Explanation:

(Correct): Al₂O₃ reacts with both acids and bases.

Explanation:

• Poor weight gain compared to age → Correct because it reflects inadequate growth.

• Low birth weight → Incorrect because it refers to birth weight only.

• Delayed milestones only → Incorrect because it refers to development, not growth.

• Short stature only → Incorrect because height alone is not sufficient.

• Congenital anomalies → Incorrect because they are not the definition.

Explanation:

• Simple squamous epithelium → Correct because thin cells allow rapid gas exchange.

• Simple cuboidal epithelium → Incorrect because it is thicker.

• Stratified squamous epithelium → Incorrect because it is protective.

• Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium → Incorrect because it lines trachea.

• Transitional epithelium → Incorrect because it lines urinary bladder.

Explanation:

• Graves disease → Correct because autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptors causes hyperthyroidism.

• Toxic multinodular goiter → Incorrect because it is common in elderly but not most common overall.

• Thyroid adenoma → Incorrect because it is less common.

• Subacute thyroiditis → Incorrect because it causes transient hyperthyroidism.

• Iodine excess → Incorrect because it is an uncommon cause.

Explanation: ABC + IV fluids stabilization.

Explanation:

(Correct): Fluorine is the most electronegative element.

• Others: Less electronegative than fluorine.

Explanation:

• Randomized controlled trial → Correct because randomization minimizes bias and confounding.

• Cross-sectional study → Incorrect because it is descriptive.

• Case–control study → Incorrect because it is observational.

• Cohort study → Incorrect because it lacks randomization.

• Ecological study → Incorrect because it is hypothesis-generating.