Hematology
Hematology is the study of blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system disorders. This course equips medical students with a comprehensive understanding of hematopoiesis, blood physiology, and hematologic pathologies, integrating laboratory diagnostics, clinical evaluation, and evidence-based management. The program covers anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, bleeding and clotting disorders, hematologic malignancies, transfusion medicine, and hematologic emergencies, emphasizing both acute and chronic conditions. Students learn to interpret complete blood counts, peripheral smears, bone marrow biopsies, and coagulation profiles, and develop skills in identifying abnormal hematologic findings, performing diagnostic procedures, and managing common and complex blood disorders. Clinical training includes bedside evaluation, case-based discussions, outpatient and ward rotations, and exposure to laboratory diagnostics, preparing students to handle hematologic patients safely and effectively. Course Objectives: By the end of this course, students will be able to: Understand normal and abnormal hematopoiesis and blood physiology. Diagnose and manage common anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, and coagulation disorders. Interpret hematology laboratory tests and peripheral smear findings. Recognize and manage hematologic emergencies such as DIC, neutropenic sepsis, and hyperviscosity syndromes. Apply transfusion medicine principles safely and effectively. Integrate laboratory, clinical, and imaging findings into patient management. Demonstrate professional communication with patients and healthcare teams in hematology settings. Course Content Overview: General hematology and hematopoiesis Red blood cell disorders: microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias White blood cell disorders: leukemias, lymphomas, myeloproliferative disorders Platelet and coagulation disorders: thrombocytopenia, hemophilia, DIC Hematologic malignancies and their management Transfusion medicine and blood component therapy Hematologic emergencies Laboratory and diagnostic techniques: CBC, peripheral smear, bone marrow aspiration, coagulation tests Clinical rotations and case-based learning Learning Outcomes: Upon completion, students will be competent to: Conduct a complete hematologic history and physical examination. Interpret laboratory results and correlate them with clinical findings. Diagnose and manage acute and chronic hematologic conditions. Handle transfusions and hematologic emergencies appropriately. Apply preventive and evidence-based strategies in hematology practice. Recommended References: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine – Hematology Section Williams Hematology Oxford Handbook of Clinical Hematology Clinical Hematology – Kumar & Clark Hematologic Emergencies Guidelines – International Society of Hematology
Hematology
Ophthalmology
The Ophthalmology course provides a comprehensive study of the eye, its adnexa, visual pathways, and related structures of the head and neck, focusing on both common and sight-threatening disorders. The course is designed to equip medical students with the theoretical knowledge and clinical skills necessary to assess, diagnose, and manage ophthalmic conditions effectively. The course integrates anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and clinical medicine, emphasizing practical patient care, diagnostic procedures, and surgical principles. Through lectures, clinical rotations, case discussions, and hands-on training, students develop the ability to perform thorough ocular examinations, interpret investigations, and manage both routine and emergency ophthalmic cases. Course Structure Semester 1 – General Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders Introduction to Ophthalmology: Scope, importance, and basic eye examination techniques. Anatomy & Physiology: External and internal structures, visual pathways, extraocular muscles, tear production, and optics. Ocular Pharmacology & Diagnostics: Topical/systemic drugs, slit-lamp examination, tonometry, perimetry, OCT, and fluorescein angiography. External Eye Disorders: Eyelid and conjunctival diseases, corneal infections, abrasions, dystrophies, and scleral/episcleral disorders. Vision Assessment: Visual acuity testing, refraction, color vision, and stereopsis. Semester 2 – Advanced and Clinical Ophthalmology Anterior Segment Disorders: Cornea, iris, anterior chamber, and uveitis. Glaucoma: Pathophysiology, clinical features, and management (medical and surgical). Cataract: Types, clinical diagnosis, surgical treatment, and post-operative care. Retinal and Vitreous Disorders: Retinal detachment, macular degeneration, vascular occlusions, diabetic retinopathy, and vitreoretinal surgery basics. Neuro-ophthalmology: Optic neuropathies, visual field defects, pupillary abnormalities, ocular manifestations of systemic/neurological diseases. Pediatric Ophthalmology: Amblyopia, strabismus, congenital cataract, congenital glaucoma, and screening protocols. Ocular Trauma & Emergencies: Chemical injuries, globe rupture, hyphema, acute angle-closure glaucoma, orbital cellulitis, and foreign bodies. Ophthalmic Surgery Observations: Cataract procedures, glaucoma surgeries, minor outpatient procedures, and surgical safety principles. Clinical & Practical Components Outpatient department (OPD) rotations and bedside teaching Slit-lamp, fundus, and visual field assessments Interpretation of diagnostic imaging Minor procedures: foreign body removal, eyelid surgery Surgical observations in operating theaters Clinical case discussions and problem-based learning Learning Outcomes By the end of this course, students will be able to: Perform a comprehensive ocular examination. Diagnose and manage common ophthalmic disorders. Recognize ophthalmic emergencies and provide first-line management. Interpret ophthalmic investigations including imaging and laboratory tests. Understand medical and surgical treatment principles for ocular diseases. Identify systemic diseases presenting with ocular manifestations. Apply preventive eye care and community screening strategies. Communicate effectively with patients and the healthcare team in ophthalmic settings. Integration and Relevance This course is integrated with internal medicine, pediatrics, neurology, ENT, and surgery, providing essential knowledge and clinical skills for primary care, emergency medicine, and ophthalmology specialization. It emphasizes early detection of sight-threatening conditions and prepares students for both clinical rotations and future postgraduate training.
Ophthalmology
Dermatology
The Dermatology & Venereology course provides clinical-phase medical students with a thorough understanding of the diagnosis, management, and prevention of skin, hair, nail, and mucocutaneous diseases. The course integrates foundational knowledge of skin histology and immunology with practical clinical exposure, preparing students to evaluate both common and complex dermatological conditions in outpatient, inpatient, and procedural settings. Students are introduced to the fundamental sciences of the integumentary system, including the structure and function of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the biology of hair follicles and glands, and the immune mechanisms that protect the skin. These foundational concepts are applied to understanding the pathophysiology of inflammatory, autoimmune, infectious, neoplastic, and genetic skin disorders. The curriculum emphasizes the recognition of primary and secondary skin lesions, accurate dermatological assessment, and systematic documentation using standard descriptive terminology. A major component of the course is clinical dermatology, covering inflammatory disorders such as eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, urticaria, and autoimmune blistering diseases. Infectious skin diseases, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, are explored in detail, with particular attention to their systemic implications and management principles. Students also study pigmentary disorders, hair and nail diseases, acne and sebaceous gland disorders, dermatologic manifestations of systemic diseases, and cutaneous emergencies such as drug eruptions, SJS/TEN, and anaphylaxis. The venereology component equips students with the knowledge to recognize and manage sexually transmitted infections, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, as well as counseling and prevention strategies. Integration with dermatology allows students to understand the cutaneous manifestations of these diseases, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities. Practical training is central to the course, including hands-on experience in outpatient clinics, dermoscopy, basic biopsy techniques, interpretation of laboratory and imaging results, and bedside case discussions. Students observe procedural interventions, learn to apply topical and systemic therapies appropriately, and acquire fundamental skills in patient counseling, skin examination, and lesion documentation. By the end of the course, students are expected to demonstrate clinical proficiency in diagnosing and managing common dermatological and sexually transmitted conditions, formulate evidence-based treatment plans, recognize dermatologic emergencies, and communicate effectively with patients. This comprehensive foundation prepares students for further specialization in dermatology, internal medicine, or related fields, ensuring safe, effective, and patient-centered dermatologic care.
Dermatology
Pediatric medicine
The Pediatric Medicine course provides a comprehensive study of the health and diseases of infants, children, and adolescents, emphasizing clinical evaluation, diagnosis, management, and preventive care. The course integrates theoretical knowledge from anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and microbiology with practical skills in clinical pediatrics, neonatal care, pediatric emergencies, and community child health. Students are trained to assess growth and development, nutrition, immunization, and preventive strategies, while managing common pediatric illnesses, congenital disorders, and life-threatening emergencies. Emphasis is placed on communication with children and caregivers, clinical reasoning, ethical practice, and interprofessional collaboration. The course combines lectures, clinical rotations, case discussions, hands-on procedures, and exposure to pediatric intensive care units (PICU/NICU), providing a solid foundation for pediatric practice and further specialization. Course Structure General Pediatrics and Growth & Development Introduction to Pediatrics: scope, history taking, and examination techniques Growth and development assessment: physical, cognitive, emotional, and social milestones Neonatal care: adaptation, common neonatal disorders, resuscitation, prematurity management Pediatric nutrition: breastfeeding, formula feeding, complementary nutrition, deficiency states Preventive pediatrics: immunization, well-child checkups, counseling for parents Common pediatric infections: respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and viral exanthems Pediatric Specialties and Clinical Pediatrics Pediatric Cardiology: congenital heart disease, murmurs, management Pediatric Pulmonology: asthma, chronic cough, cystic fibrosis Pediatric Gastroenterology: malabsorption, liver disorders, GERD, chronic diarrhea Pediatric Nephrology: urinary infections, nephrotic/nephritic syndromes, acute/chronic kidney disease Pediatric Hematology & Oncology: anemia types, leukemia, lymphoma, common pediatric cancers Pediatric Endocrinology: growth disorders, diabetes mellitus type 1, thyroid/adrenal disorders Pediatric Neurology: seizures, cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorders Pediatric Emergency Medicine: shock, dehydration, sepsis, airway emergencies, trauma, poisoning Clinical rotations: OPD, wards, NICU/PICU, emergency room, case-based learning, presentations Learning Outcomes By the end of the course, students will be able to: Evaluate growth, development, and nutritional status in children. Perform complete pediatric history taking and physical examinations. Diagnose and manage common pediatric illnesses and emergencies. Apply preventive pediatric care including immunizations and nutrition counseling. Identify children with serious, rare, or life-threatening conditions and refer appropriately. Interpret pediatric laboratory investigations and imaging studies. Integrate pediatric knowledge with community health and public health principles. Communicate effectively and ethically with children and caregivers. Integration and Relevance The course is integrated with neonatology, pediatric surgery, pediatric cardiology, pediatric neurology, and community medicine, equipping students for hospital-based pediatric care, primary healthcare, emergency pediatrics, and postgraduate training in pediatric specialties.
Pediatric medicine
Human Anatomy
Course Overview: The Human Anatomy course provides medical students with a foundational understanding of the structure of the human body, integrating gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and clinical applications. It is designed to develop both knowledge and practical skills necessary for clinical reasoning, diagnosis, and medical practice. The course combines lectures, laboratory dissections, imaging workshops, and clinical case discussions, providing students with hands-on experience in identifying anatomical structures and understanding their relevance to patient care. Course Objectives: By the end of this course, students should be able to: Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of human anatomy, including bones, muscles, organs, vessels, and nerves. Apply anatomical knowledge to clinical practice, interpreting symptoms and findings in the context of underlying structures. Identify and describe major body systems (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, digestive, urinary, and reproductive). Develop spatial and visual understanding of anatomical relationships through cadaver dissections, imaging studies, and 3D models. Demonstrate professionalism and safety in laboratory settings. Integrate anatomy with pathology and physiology to support clinical decision-making. Course Content: 1. Introduction to Anatomy Anatomical terminology, planes, and directional terms Body cavities and organ systems Tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous 2. Regional Anatomy Back and Upper Limb: Vertebral column, muscles, nerves, vessels Head and Neck: Skull, facial bones, muscles, cervical structures, sensory organs Thorax and Abdomen: Thoracic cage, heart, lungs, GI tract, liver, kidneys Pelvis and Lower Limb: Pelvic bones, reproductive organs, muscles, nerves, vessels 3. Systemic Anatomy Musculoskeletal, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive systems Integration of systems in clinical scenarios 4. Clinical Correlations Case-based discussions linking anatomy to pathophysiology Interpretation of imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound) Anatomical basis of common medical procedures and surgeries 5. Laboratory and Practical Work Cadaver dissection for hands-on anatomical exploration Anatomical models and 3D software Imaging workshops and ultrasound anatomy Simulated clinical procedures to link theory and practice Assessment Methods: Written examinations (MCQs, short answer questions) Practical assessments (identification on cadavers/models) Learning Outcomes: Upon completion, students will be able to: Accurately identify and describe anatomical structures and their relationships Apply anatomical knowledge to diagnose and understand medical conditions Integrate anatomy with clinical reasoning for patient care Use imaging and laboratory skills to support medical decision-making Recommended Resources: Textbooks: Gray’s Anatomy for Students, Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy Digital Tools: Visible Body, Kenhub, Anatomy.TV Supplemental: Clinical case manuals, dissection guides, online lectures This course serves as a core foundation for all subsequent medical education, bridging basic sciences with clinical medicine and preparing students for exams, clinical rotations, and future medical practice.
Human Anatomy
Neurology
The Neurology course is designed for clinical phase medical students (4th–5th year) to provide a comprehensive understanding of neurological disorders, their pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. The course emphasizes integration of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropathology with practical skills in neurological examination, electrophysiology, neuroimaging, and laboratory diagnostics. Students gain expertise in common neurological disorders including cerebrovascular diseases, epilepsy, movement disorders, neuromuscular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, demyelinating and neuroinflammatory disorders, and pediatric neurological conditions. Special focus is given to neurological emergencies such as stroke, status epilepticus, acute neuropathies, and spinal cord compressions. Practical and Clinical Training: The course incorporates hands-on training in: Comprehensive neurological examination Electrophysiological testing: EEG, EMG, nerve conduction studies Lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis Neuroimaging interpretation: CT, MRI, angiography Bedside evaluation of neurological patients in both outpatient clinics and inpatient wards Participation in case discussions, multidisciplinary rounds, and emergency evaluations Learning Outcomes: Upon completion, students will be able to: Conduct a complete neurological history and physical examination. Diagnose and manage common and complex neurological disorders. Interpret laboratory, imaging, and electrophysiological studies. Recognize and respond to neurological emergencies effectively. Integrate clinical, anatomical, and physiological knowledge for patient care. Communicate effectively with patients, families, and healthcare teams regarding neurological conditions and treatment plans. Key Topics Covered: General neuroanatomy and neurophysiology Cerebrovascular diseases and stroke management Epilepsy and seizure disorders Headache and pain syndromes Movement disorders Neuromuscular disorders Demyelinating and neuroinflammatory disorders Infectious and metabolic neurological conditions Neurodegenerative diseases Pediatric neurology Neurological emergencies and acute care management Recommended References: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine – Neurology Section Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology Bradley’s Neurology in Clinical Practice Oxford Handbook of Neurology UpToDate articles on stroke, epilepsy, neuromuscular, and neurodegenerative disorders
Neurology
Cardiothoracic Surgery
The Cardiothoracic Surgery course provides senior medical students with a comprehensive and clinically oriented understanding of surgical diseases involving the heart, great vessels, lungs, pleura, mediastinum, esophagus, and chest wall. The course integrates foundational cardiothoracic anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, perioperative management, and evidence-based surgical interventions. Students develop essential competencies needed to recognize, assess, and participate in the management of acute and chronic cardiothoracic conditions encountered in surgical practice. This module emphasizes clinical reasoning, emergency decision-making, perioperative safety, and multidisciplinary management, enabling students to function effectively within cardiothoracic teams. Through lectures, bedside teaching, operative observations, simulation sessions, and case-based learning, learners gain exposure to cardiac surgery, thoracic surgery, and critical care domains. The curriculum covers ischemic heart disease, valvular pathologies, congenital defects, cardiomyopathies requiring surgical correction, thoracic traumas, pulmonary neoplasms, mediastinal tumors, esophageal diseases, diaphragmatic pathologies, and pleural disorders. Students learn indications, contraindications, procedural steps, postoperative considerations, and complication prevention for major cardiothoracic operations—including CABG, valve replacement, thoracic resections, minimally invasive thoracic surgery, and emergency thoracotomy. Special focus is placed on interpretation of diagnostic modalities, including chest radiography, CT, cardiac MRI, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, pulmonary function tests, and perioperative monitoring tools. Students also acquire understanding of cardiopulmonary bypass principles, ICU care, ventilatory strategies, fluid and electrolyte management, wound management, chest tube care, and early recognition of postoperative complications. By the end of the course, students are expected to demonstrate competency in: Evaluating cardiothoracic emergencies such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, aortic dissection, and cardiac tamponade. Recognizing surgical indications for coronary artery disease, valvular disease, thoracic tumors, and advanced pulmonary conditions. Formulating perioperative plans and participating in patient counseling and follow-up. Understanding operative principles of open, minimally invasive, and robotic cardiothoracic techniques. Applying evidence-based guidelines in cardiothoracic decision-making. This course builds the foundation required for further training in general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery residency, cardiac anesthesia, intensive care medicine, and emergency medicine. It prepares graduates to approach cardiothoracic pathologies systematically, safely, and confidently within hospital settings.
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Vascular Surgery
The Vascular Surgery course provides medical students with a comprehensive understanding of the surgical and clinical management of diseases affecting the arterial, venous, and lymphatic systems. As an integral component of the General Surgery curriculum, this course emphasizes both the basic science foundations—including vascular anatomy, hemodynamics, and pathophysiology—and the practical skills required to assess and manage vascular disorders in a clinical setting. Students are introduced to a broad spectrum of conditions, including peripheral arterial disease, aneurysmal disorders, venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis, vascular trauma, and lymphatic disorders. The course also covers emergent situations, such as ruptured aneurysms and acute limb ischemia, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis, stabilization, and decision-making in critical cases. Pediatric and adult vascular pathologies are integrated, ensuring students develop a well-rounded perspective on the specialty. Emphasis is placed on clinical assessment, where students learn to perform focused vascular examinations, interpret non-invasive and imaging studies, and recognize early signs of ischemia, thrombosis, or compromised perfusion. Practical exposure includes outpatient clinic observations, bedside teaching, and operating room experience, where students observe procedures ranging from open surgical repairs to endovascular interventions. Core principles of vascular access surgery, graft management, and perioperative care are also introduced to provide a holistic understanding of patient management. By the end of the course, students are expected to: Demonstrate competence in vascular history-taking and examination. Understand the pathophysiology and natural history of major vascular diseases. Recognize and respond to vascular emergencies. Integrate knowledge of diagnostic imaging and laboratory investigations into clinical decision-making. Develop an awareness of multidisciplinary approaches, including collaboration with interventional radiology, cardiology, and intensive care teams. This course equips future physicians with essential competencies for both surgical and non-surgical specialties, ensuring they can provide safe, evidence-based care for patients with vascular conditions across a variety of clinical environments.
Vascular Surgery
Neurosurgery
The Neurosurgery course is designed for clinical phase medical students (4th–5th year) to provide a comprehensive understanding of surgical and clinical management of disorders affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. The course emphasizes the integration of neuroanatomy, neuropathophysiology, and surgical principles, enabling students to assess, diagnose, and manage neurosurgical patients, including trauma cases, tumors, vascular lesions, spinal disorders, and congenital anomalies. Students gain exposure to preoperative evaluation, perioperative management, minor procedures, postoperative care, and emergency neurosurgical interventions, with opportunities to participate in operative observations, clinical decision-making, and multidisciplinary team management. Practical and Clinical Training: The course incorporates hands-on and clinical training in: Neurological examination and patient assessment Preoperative evaluation and perioperative planning Bedside procedures such as lumbar puncture and ventricular access ICU and postoperative care monitoring Observation of operative techniques and participation in the OR Case-based learning, ward rounds, and multidisciplinary discussions Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, students will be able to: Understand neurosurgical anatomy, pathophysiology, and operative principles. Assess patients for neurosurgical intervention, including trauma, tumors, and vascular disorders. Recognize and manage neurosurgical emergencies effectively. Participate in perioperative and postoperative patient care. Perform basic neurosurgical procedures safely under supervision. Apply evidence-based neurosurgical principles in clinical decision-making. Collaborate effectively within multidisciplinary neurosurgical teams. Key Topics Covered: Basic neurosurgical principles: asepsis, instrumentation, wound healing Neurotrauma: head injuries, spinal injuries, intracranial hemorrhage, trauma management Neuro-oncology: primary and metastatic brain and spinal tumors, surgical planning, postoperative care Vascular neurosurgery: aneurysms, AVMs, stroke interventions Pediatric neurosurgery: hydrocephalus, congenital anomalies, epilepsy surgery Spine and peripheral nerve surgery: degenerative disorders, trauma, nerve repair Minimally invasive and endoscopic neurosurgery techniques Recommended References: Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques Handbook of Neurosurgery – Mark Greenberg Oxford Handbook of Neurosurgery UpToDate articles on neurosurgical procedures, trauma, and postoperative care
Neurosurgery
Endocrinology
This course offers a comprehensive understanding of endocrine physiology, hormonal regulation, and the diagnosis and management of disorders affecting endocrine glands. It integrates basic science, clinical medicine, and diagnostic endocrinology, emphasizing the correlation between hormonal imbalances and systemic manifestations. Students will gain exposure to the full range of endocrine conditions, including pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and gonadal diseases, as well as metabolic and nutritional disorders. The course combines bedside clinical teaching, case discussions, and laboratory interpretation, preparing students to recognize and manage both chronic endocrine diseases and acute endocrine emergencies. Practical experience will focus on clinical examination of endocrine systems, interpretation of hormonal assays, and management strategies for diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, adrenal dysfunction, and metabolic syndromes. Course Objectives: By the end of the course, students should be able to: Describe the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of endocrine glands. Perform a systematic endocrine examination and obtain a detailed hormonal history. Interpret laboratory and imaging investigations related to hormonal and metabolic disorders. Diagnose and manage endocrine disorders including thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreatic, and gonadal diseases. Identify and treat endocrine emergencies such as thyroid storm, myxedema coma, adrenal crisis, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Understand and apply preventive strategies for metabolic and endocrine diseases. Demonstrate ethical and professional communication with patients and multidisciplinary teams. Course Content (Modules Overview): 1. Introduction to Endocrinology Overview of endocrine glands and hormones. Mechanisms of hormone action and feedback control. Clinical approach to endocrine symptoms (fatigue, polyuria, weight changes). 2. Pituitary and Hypothalamic Disorders Hypopituitarism, hyperpituitarism, acromegaly, prolactinoma. Diabetes insipidus, SIADH. Pituitary imaging and dynamic endocrine testing. Management: medical, surgical, radiotherapy. 3. Thyroid Disorders Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease, toxic nodular goiter). Hypothyroidism (primary, secondary, subclinical). Thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid disease. Goiters, thyroid nodules, and malignancy. Diagnostic workup: TSH, T3, T4, ultrasound, FNA. Treatment: antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery. 4. Parathyroid and Calcium Disorders Hyperparathyroidism (primary, secondary, tertiary). Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, rickets, osteomalacia. Calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism. Management: calcium/vitamin D replacement, bisphosphonates. 5. Adrenal Gland Disorders Cushing’s syndrome and hypercortisolism. Addison’s disease and adrenal insufficiency. Hyperaldosteronism and pheochromocytoma. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Diagnostic testing: dexamethasone suppression, ACTH stimulation. Management: hormonal replacement, surgery, medical therapy. 6. Pancreatic Endocrine Disorders Diabetes mellitus (Type 1, Type 2, gestational). Hypoglycemia and insulinoma. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Diabetic complications (nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy). Management: diet, oral agents, insulin, emergency care. 7. Reproductive Endocrinology Disorders of puberty (precocious, delayed). Hypogonadism, infertility, menstrual irregularities. PCOS and hyperprolactinemia. Hormone replacement therapy and reproductive endocrinology. 8. Metabolic & Nutritional Disorders Obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome. Gout and hyperuricemia. Nutritional deficiencies related to endocrine dysfunctions. 9. Endocrine Emergencies Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar states. Thyroid storm and myxedema coma. Adrenal crisis. Pheochromocytoma crisis. Acute hypoglycemia and electrolyte imbalances. 10. Preventive and Community Endocrinology Screening for diabetes and thyroid disease. Lifestyle and diet modification programs. Endocrine aspects of aging and public health strategies. Clinical Rotations & Practical Training: Duration: 4–6 weeks in endocrinology and diabetes units. Clinical Activities Include: Bedside evaluation of endocrine patients. Case-based discussions and presentations. Interpretation of hormonal…
Endocrinology
