Free pulmonology MCQ exam model for clinical students

Explanation:

• Smoking → Correct because it is the leading cause of COPD worldwide.

• Air pollution → Incorrect because it contributes but is not the main cause.

• Occupational exposure → Incorrect because it is a risk factor but less common.

• Genetic factors → Incorrect because alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is rare.

• Respiratory infections → Incorrect because they exacerbate but do not cause COPD.

Explanation:

• Alveolar wall destruction → Correct because emphysema leads to enlarged air spaces and loss of elastic recoil.

• Bronchial inflammation → Incorrect because it is typical of chronic bronchitis.

• Mucus hypersecretion → Incorrect because it causes productive cough.

• Pulmonary fibrosis → Incorrect because it causes restrictive lung disease.

• Pleural thickening → Incorrect because it is not characteristic.

Explanation:

• Hyperresonant percussion → Correct because air in pleural space increases resonance.

• Dull percussion note → Incorrect because it indicates effusion or consolidation.

• Increased vocal fremitus → Incorrect because fremitus is reduced.

• Crackles on auscultation → Incorrect because they indicate fluid.

• Bronchial breathing → Incorrect because it is seen in consolidation.

Explanation:

• CT pulmonary angiography → Correct because it directly visualizes pulmonary emboli.

• Chest X-ray → Incorrect because it may be normal or nonspecific.

• ECG → Incorrect because it shows indirect changes.

• D-dimer test → Incorrect because it is a screening test only.

• Arterial blood gas → Incorrect because it shows hypoxemia but is not diagnostic.

Explanation:

• Streptococcus pneumoniae → Correct because it is the leading cause of CAP.

• Staphylococcus aureus → Incorrect because it causes post-influenza pneumonia.

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae → Incorrect because it causes atypical pneumonia.

• Klebsiella pneumoniae → Incorrect because it causes severe pneumonia in alcoholics.

• Haemophilus influenzae → Incorrect because it is less common.

Explanation:

• Residual volume → Correct because it remains in lungs after maximal expiration.

• Tidal volume → Incorrect because it is measured by spirometry.

• Inspiratory reserve volume → Incorrect because it is measurable.

• Expiratory reserve volume → Incorrect because it is measurable.

• Vital capacity → Incorrect because it is derived from spirometry.

Explanation:

• Heart failure → Correct because increased hydrostatic pressure causes transudative effusion.

• Tuberculosis → Incorrect because it causes exudative effusion.

• Malignancy → Incorrect because it is less common overall.

• Pneumonia → Incorrect because it causes parapneumonic effusion.

• Pulmonary embolism → Incorrect because it is a less common cause.

Explanation:

• Reversible airway obstruction → Correct because asthma causes episodic reversible bronchoconstriction.

• Fixed airway obstruction → Incorrect because this is seen in COPD.

• Irreversible airflow limitation → Incorrect because asthma is reversible.

• Alveolar destruction → Incorrect because it occurs in emphysema.

• Pulmonary fibrosis → Incorrect because it causes restrictive disease.

Explanation:

• Hemoptysis → Correct because it is a classic and alarming symptom.

• Chest pain → Incorrect because it occurs in advanced disease.

• Weight loss → Incorrect because it is a systemic symptom.

• Fever → Incorrect because it is nonspecific.

• Wheezing → Incorrect because it may occur but is not most important.

Explanation:

• Lungs → Correct because pulmonology focuses on respiratory system disorders.

• Heart → Incorrect because this is cardiology.

• Kidneys → Incorrect because this is nephrology.

• Liver → Incorrect because this is hepatology.

• Brain → Incorrect because this is neurology.