Free nephrology MCQ exam model for clinical students

Explanation:

• Acute tubular necrosis → Correct because ischemia and toxins commonly cause AKI.

• Glomerulonephritis → Incorrect because it is less common.

• Polycystic kidney disease → Incorrect because it causes chronic disease.

• Renal artery stenosis → Incorrect because it causes chronic ischemia.

• Interstitial nephritis → Incorrect because it is a less frequent cause.

Explanation:

• Nephritic syndrome → Correct because it presents with inflammatory glomerular injury.

• Nephrotic syndrome → Incorrect because it presents with edema and proteinuria.

• Acute tubular necrosis → Incorrect because it presents with AKI without hematuria.

• Polycystic kidney disease → Incorrect because it is chronic.

• Renal calculi → Incorrect because it causes colicky pain.

Explanation:

• Proteinuria → Correct because massive protein loss (>3.5 g/day) defines nephrotic syndrome.

• Hematuria → Incorrect because it is more typical of nephritic syndrome.

• Reduced GFR → Incorrect because it may be normal initially.

• Azotemia → Incorrect because it is not a defining feature.

• Metabolic acidosis → Incorrect because it occurs in renal failure.

Explanation:

• Kidneys → Correct because nephrology focuses on renal structure and function.

• Heart → Incorrect because this is cardiology.

• Lungs → Incorrect because this is pulmonology.

• Liver → Incorrect because this is hepatology.

• Pancreas → Incorrect because this is endocrinology/gastroenterology.

Explanation:

• Metabolic acidosis → Correct because kidneys fail to excrete hydrogen ions.

• Respiratory alkalosis → Incorrect because it is lung-related.

• Respiratory acidosis → Incorrect because it is due to hypoventilation.

• Metabolic alkalosis → Incorrect because acid retention predominates.

• Mixed alkalosis → Incorrect because it is uncommon.

Explanation:

• Hypercoagulability → Correct because loss of anticoagulant proteins increases thrombosis risk.

• Metabolic acidosis → Incorrect because it occurs in renal failure.

• Polycythemia → Incorrect because anemia is more common.

• Hypertension crisis → Incorrect because edema is more prominent.

• Metabolic alkalosis → Incorrect because it is not characteristic.

Explanation:

• Hyperkalemia → Correct because reduced excretion causes potassium retention.

• Hypokalemia → Incorrect because potassium is usually retained.

• Hypercalcemia → Incorrect because hypocalcemia is more common.

• Hypophosphatemia → Incorrect because hyperphosphatemia occurs.

• Hyponatremia → Incorrect because sodium may be normal or diluted.

Explanation:

• Glomerular filtration rate → Correct because it best reflects overall kidney function.

• Serum urea → Incorrect because it is influenced by diet and hydration.

• Serum creatinine → Incorrect because it varies with muscle mass.

• Urine output → Incorrect because it may be preserved early.

• Urinalysis → Incorrect because it is not a functional measure.

Explanation:

• Urinary tract infection → Correct because it is the leading cause in pediatric patients.

• Renal stones → Incorrect because they are less common in children.

• Glomerulonephritis → Incorrect because it is important but not most common.

• Trauma → Incorrect because it is situational.

• Wilms tumor → Incorrect because it is rare.

Explanation:

• Diabetes mellitus → Correct because diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause globally.

• Glomerulonephritis → Incorrect because it is less common.

• Hypertension → Incorrect because it is the second most common cause.

• Polycystic kidney disease → Incorrect because it is hereditary and less common.

• Obstructive uropathy → Incorrect because it is not the leading cause.