Program od entrance examinations for discipline ” Chemical Elements and their connections” for medical students at Sechenov University

Program of entrance examinations for discipline ” Chemical Elements and their connections” for medical students at Sechenov University

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General Chemistry: Theoretical Foundations of Chemistry

• Subject and tasks of chemistry.
• Physical and chemical phenomena.
• Fundamentals of atomic molecular theory.
• The concept of an atom, element, molecule, substance.
• Simple and complex substance.
• Allotropy.
• Relative atomic and relative molecular mass.
• Mole, molar mass.
• Laws of stoichiometry: law conservation of mass of matter, the law of constancy of composition.
• Relative gas density.
• Atomic structure.
  • Structure of electron shells of atoms of elements of the first four periods: s-, p- and d-elements.
  • Quantum numbers.
  • Electron configuration of the atom.
  • Ground and excited states of the atom.
  • Patterns of change of chemical properties of elements and their compounds according to periods and groups.
  • Types of chemical bonds.
    • Covalent chemical bonds, its varieties and mechanisms of formation.
      • Characteristics of covalent bonds (polarity and bond energy).
      • Hybridization theory.
    • Ionic bond.
    • Metallic bond.
    • Hydrogen bond.
• Electronegativity.
• Degree oxidation and valence of chemical elements.
• Aggregate states substances.
• Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure.
• Types crystal lattices.
  • Dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structures.
  • Classification of chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry.
  • Reactions of combination, decomposition, substitution and exchange.
• Oxidation-reduction reactions.
• A series of standard electrodes potentials.
• Thermal effect of chemical reaction.
• Thermochemical equations.
• Hess’s law.
  • The reaction rate, its dependence on the nature and concentrations of reactants, temperatures.
• Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions.
• Chemical equilibrium.
  • Displacement of equilibrium under the influence of various factors.
  • Le Chatelier’s principle.
  • Equilibrium constant.
• Solutions.
  • Theories of solutions.
  • Solubility of substances and its dependence on temperature, pressure, nature of the solvent.
  • Methods of expressing the concentration of solutions (mass fraction, mole fraction, molar concentration).
  • Strong and weak electrolytes.
    • Electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions.
    • The degree of electrolytic dissociation.
    • Ionic equations of reactions.
    • Properties of acids, bases and salts in light of the theory of electrolytic dissociation.
• Hydrolysis of salts.
• The environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids).

Inorganic Chemistry

• Classification of inorganic substances.
• Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international).
• Oxides, types of oxides, methods of obtaining and characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic.
• Bases, methods of obtaining and characteristic chemical properties of bases.
• Amphoteric hydroxides and their properties.
• Acids, their classification, methods of obtaining and characteristic chemical properties of acids.
• Salts, their composition, classification, methods of obtaining and characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic; complex (using aluminum and zinc compounds as an example).
• Interrelation inorganic substances of various classes.

General characteristics of metals of groups IA–IIIA in connection with their position in the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev and features of the structure of their atoms.

• Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances – metals: alkaline, alkaline earth, aluminum.
• Amphotericity of aluminum oxide and hydroxide.
• Characteristics of transition elements – copper, zinc, chromium, iron – according to their position in the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements by D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms.
• Chemical properties of transition metals: copper, zinc, chromium, iron.
• The concept of metallurgy: general methods obtaining metals.
• Chemical reactions underlying the production cast iron and steel.
• The most important compounds of metals.
• Oxides and hydroxides metals.
• Oxidation-reduction properties of metal compounds, having a variable degree of oxidation.

General characteristics of non-metals of groups IVÿ–VIIA in connection with their position in the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms.

• Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances – non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon.
• The most important non-metallic compounds.
• Hydrogen halides, halides, oxygen-containing chlorine compounds.
• Oxygen, allotropic modifications, properties, oxides, peroxides.
• Hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, sulfur oxides, sulfurous and sulfuric acid, their properties.
• Production of sulfuric acid.
• Ammonia, ammonium salts, nitrides, nitrogen oxides, nitrous and nitric acid and their salts.
• Phosphine, phosphides, phosphorus oxides, phosphorous and ortho- and metaphosphoric acids, orthophosphates.
• Carbon oxides, carbonic acid and its salts.
• Silanes, silicides, silicon oxide, silicic acid.
• General scientific principles of chemical production (using the industrial production of ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphorus and ammonia).
• Qualitative reactions on inorganic substances and ions.
• Reactions confirming the relationship various classes of inorganic substances.

Organic Chemistry

• Classification of organic substances.
• Nomenclature of organic substances (trivial and international).
• Classification of organic reactions.
• Theory of the structure of organic compounds by A.M. Butlerov.
• Dependence of the properties of substances on their structure.
• Types of isomerism (structural and spatial).
• The concept of homologues.
• The mutual influence of atoms in molecules.
• Types of bonds in molecules of organic substances.
• Hybridization atomic orbitals of carbon.
• Radical.
  • Functional group.
  • Limiting hydrocarbons.
• Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes and cycloalkanes.
• The main methods of obtaining hydrocarbons.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
  • Nomenclature, structure, isomerism, production and characteristic chemical properties of alkenes, dienes, alkynes.
• Peculiarities of alkadiene behavior.
• Acidic properties of alkynes.
• Kucherov reaction.
• Reactions of di-, tri- and polymerization.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene.
• Character hybridization of carbon atoms, conjugation.
• Obtaining and features of chemical properties of benzene.
• Homologues of benzene.
• Rules of orientation in the benzene ring using benzene derivatives as an example.
• Toluene, obtaining and chemical properties.
• Natural sources of hydrocarbons: oil, natural gas, coal.
• Oil distillation, cracking.
• Products obtained from oil, their application.
• The concept of mechanisms of chemical reactions in organic chemistry.
• Ionic (V.V. Markovnikov) and radical reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.
• Alcohols. Primary, secondary, tertiary.
  • Nomenclature, structure, production and chemical properties.
  • Polyhydric alcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerin), features of chemical properties.
  • Application in folk economy.
• Phenol, its structure, mutual influence of atoms, chemical properties of phenol, comparison with the properties of aliphatic alcohols.
  • Obtaining phenol.
• Aldehydes.
  • Nomenclature, structure, production and chemical properties.
  • Formic and acetic aldehydes.
  • Production and application.
• The concept of ketones.
• Carboxylic acids.
  • Nomenclature, structure, production, physical and chemical properties.
  • Features of the esterification reaction.
• Saturated, unsaturated and aromatic acids.
  • Features of formic acid.
  • Derivatives of carboxylic acids.
• Esters.
  • Structure, chemical properties.
  • Acid and alkaline hydrolysis of esters.
• Anhydrides.
• Halides. Amides. Amines. Aliphatic and aromatic amines.
• Primary, secondary and tertiary amines – Characteristic chemical properties and methods of production. Aniline.
• Reaction Zinina.
• Mutual influence of atoms on the example of aniline.
• Amino acids. Structure, chemical properties, isomerism. Amino acids as structural protein components.
• Biologically important substances: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides).
• The structure of fats as derivatives of glycerol and carboxylic acids, processing methods (hydrolysis, hydrogenation).
• Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, ribose, their structure, physical and chemical properties.
• Polysaccharides: starch and cellulose.
• Polycondensation reaction of amino acids, peptides, structure and biological role of proteins.
• High- molecular compounds.
• General concepts: monomer, polymer, degree of polymerization (polycondensation), elementary unit.
• Various types of high molecular weight compounds: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, phenol-formaldehyde resins.
• Plastics, fibers, oxygen-containing rubbers.
• Interrelation hydrocarbons and organic compounds.
• Qualitative reactions organic compounds.
• Reactions confirming the relationship organic compounds.
• Chemical pollution of the environment and its consequences.

Typical calculation skills

• Calculation of the mass of a dissolved substance contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction; calculation of the mass fraction of a substance in a solution
• Calculations of volumetric ratios of gases in chemical reactions.
• Calculations of the heat effect of a reaction.
• Calculations of the mass of a substance or the volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one of substances participating in the reaction.
• Calculations of the mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction products, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities), if one of the substances is given in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the dissolved substance.
• Calculations of the mass or volume fraction of the yield of the reaction product from the theoretically possible.
• Calculations of the mass fraction (mass) of a chemical compound in a mixture. Finding the molecular formula substances..

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