Program of entrance examinations for discipline “Biological Systems” for medical faculties
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Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge
- Biology as a science, its achievements, methods of understanding living nature.
- Role biology in the formation of the modern scientific picture of the world
- Level organization and evolution.
- The main levels of organization of living organisms nature: cellular, organismic, population-species, biogeocenotic, biosphere.
- Biological systems. General features of biological systems: cellular structure, features of chemical composition, metabolism and energy conversion, homeostasis. irritability, movement, growth and development, reproduction.
- Evolution.
The cell as a biological system
- Modern cell theory, its main provisions, role in the formation modern natural science picture of the world.
- Development of knowledge about the cell.
- The cellular structure of organisms is the basis of the unity of the organic world, proof of the relationship of living nature.
- Diversity of cells.
- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
- Comparative characteristics of plant, animal, bacteria, and fungi cells.
- Chemical composition of the cell. Macro- and microelements.
- The relationship between the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell.
- The role of chemicals in the cell and the human body.
- Structure cells.
- The relationship between the structure and functions of parts and organelles of the cell is the basis its integrity.
- Metabolism and energy transformations are properties of living organisms.
- Energy metabolism and plastic metabolism, their relationship.
- Stages of energy metabolism.
- Fermentation and respiration.
- Photosynthesis, its importance, cosmic role.
- Phases of photosynthesis.
- Light and tempo reactions of photosynthesis, their relationship.
- Chemosynthesis.
- Role chemosynthetic bacteria on Earth.
- Genetic information in the cell.
- Genes, genetic code and its properties.
- Matrix nature of biosynthesis reactions.
- Biosynthesis of protein and nucleic acids.
- Cell – genetic unit of living being.
- Chromosomes, their structure (shape and size) and functions.
- The number of chromosomes and their species constancy.
- Somatic and sex cells.
- The life cycle of a cell: interphase and mitosis.
- Mitosis is the division of somatic cells.
- Meiosis.
- Phases of mitosis and meiosis.
- Development of sex cells in plants and animals.
- Cell division is the basis for growth, development and reproduction of organisms.
- The role of meiosis and mitosis
Diversity of organisms: unicellular and multicellular;
autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes
- Reproduction of organisms, its importance.
- Methods of reproduction, similarities and the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction.
- Fertilization in flowering plants and vertebrates.
- External and internal fertilization.
- Ontogenesis and its inherent patterns.
- Embryonic and postembryonic development of organisms.
- Causes of developmental disorders organisms.
Genetics
- Genetics and its tasks.
- Heredity and variability – properties organisms.
- Methods of genetics.
- Basic genetic concepts and symbols.
- Chromosomal theory of heredity.
- Modern ideas about the gene and genome.
- Patterns of heredity, their cytological basis.
- The patterns of inheritance established by G. Mendel, their cytological genetic principles (mono- and dihybrid crossing).
- T. Morgan’s laws: linked inheritance of traits, disruption of gene linkage.
- Genetics sex.
- Inheritance of sex-linked traits.
- Interaction of genes.
- Genotype as an integral system.
- Human genetics.
- Methods of study Human genetics.
- Solving genetic problems.
- Drawing up diagrams crossing.
- Patterns Non-hereditary variability. (modification) variability.
- Norm of reaction.
- Hereditary variability: mutational, combinatorial.
- Types of mutations and their causes.
- The importance of variability in the life of organisms and in evolution.
- The importance of genetics for medicine.
- Hereditary human diseases, their causes, prevention.
- Harmful effects of mutagens, alcohol, drugs, nicotine on genetic cell apparatus.
- Protection of the environment from contamination by mutagens.
- Identification sources of mutagens in the environment (indirectly) and assessment of possible consequences of their influence on their own organism
- Selection, its tasks and practical significance. N. I. Vavilov’s contribution to the development of selection: the doctrine of the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants, the law homologous series in hereditary variability.
- Methods of selection and their genetic foundations.
- Methods of breeding new plant varieties, animal breeds, microorganism strains.
- The importance of genetics for selection.
- Biological principles of growing crops and domestic plants animals.
- Biotechnology, its directions.
- Cellular and genetic engineering, cloning.
- The role of cell theory in the formation and development biotechnology.
- The importance of biotechnology for the development of selection, agriculture, microbiological industry, preservation of the gene pool planets.
- Ethical aspects of the development of some studies in biotechnology (human cloning, targeted genome editing)
The system and diversity of the organic world
- Diversity of organisms.
- The importance of the works of K. Linnaeus and J-B. Lamarck.
- The main systematic (taxonomic) categories are: species, genus, family, detachment (order), class, type (department), kingdom; their subordination.
- Viruses – non-cellular life forms.
- Measures to prevent the spread of viral diseases.
- Kingdom Bacteria, structure, vital activity, reproduction, role in nature. Bacteria – pathogens of diseases of plants, animals, humans.
- Prevention of diseases caused by bacteria Kingdom Fungi, structure, vital activity, reproduction.
- Use of mushrooms for obtaining food and medicine.
- Recognition of edible and poisonous mushrooms.
- Lichens, their diversity, structural features and vital activity.
- The role of fungi and lichens in nature.
- The Kingdom of Plants.
- Structure (tissues, cells, organs), vital activity and reproduction of a plant organism (using angiosperms as an example).
- Recognition (in pictures) of plant organs.
- Diversity plants.
- Main divisions of plants.
- Classes of angiosperms, the role of plants in nature and human life.
- Animal kingdom.
- Unicellular and multicellular animals.
- Characteristics of the main types of invertebrates, classes of arthropods.
- Features of structure, life, reproduction, role in nature and human life.
- Chordate animals.
- Characteristics of the main classes.
- Role in nature and human life.
- Recognition (in pictures) of organs and organ systems in animals
The human body and its health
- Tissues.
- Structure and vital functions of organs and organ systems: digestion, respiration, excretion.
- Recognition (in pictures) of tissues, organs, organ systems.
- Structure and vital functions of organs and systems organs: musculoskeletal, integumentary, blood circulation, lymph drainage.
- Reproduction and development of humans.
- Recognition (in pictures) of organs and organ systems.
- The internal environment of the human body. Blood groups.
- Blood transfusion. Immunity.
- Metabolism and energy conversion in the human body.
- Vitamins.
- Nervous and endocrine systems.
- Neurohumoral regulation of vital processes of the body as the basis of its integrity, connection with the environment.
- Analyzers.
- Sense organs, their role in the body.
- Structure and functions.
- Higher nervous activity.
- Sleep, its meaning.
- Consciousness, memory, emotions, speech, thinking.
- Peculiarities of the human psyche. Personal and public hygiene, healthy lifestyle.
- Prevention of infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal, animal-induced).
- Prevention traumatism, first aid techniques.
- Mental and physical health of a person.
- Health factors (auto-training, hardening, physical activity).
- Risk factors (stress, physical inactivity, overwork, hypothermia).
- Bad and good habits.
- Dependence of human health on the state of the environment.
- Compliance with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules of a healthy lifestyle.
- Human reproductive health.
- Consequences of alcohol influence, nicotine, drugs on the development of the human embryo.
Evolution of living nature
- The species and its criteria.
- The population is a structural unit of the species and an elementary unit of evolution.
- Microevolution.
- Formation of new species.
- Methods of speciation.
- Preservation of species diversity as a basis for the sustainability of the biosphere.
- Development of evolutionary ideas.
- The significance of Ch. Darwin.
- Interrelation of the driving forces of evolution.
- Forms of natural selection, types of struggle for existence.
- Synthetic theory of evolution.
- Elementary factors of evolution.
- Research of S.S. Chetverikov.
- The role of evolutionary theory in the formation of the modern scientific picture of the world.
- Evidence of the evolution of living nature.
- Results of evolution: adaptation of organisms to the environment, diversity of species.
- Macroevolution.
- Directions and paths of evolution (A.N. Severtsov, P.P. Shmalgauzen).
- Biological progress and regression, aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration.
- Causes of biological progress and regression.
- Hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth.
- The complication of living organisms on Earth in the process of evolution.
- The origin of man. Man as a species, his place in the system of the organic world.
- Hypotheses of the origin of modern man.
- Driving forces and stages of human evolution.
- Human races, their genetic relationship.
- Biosocial nature of man.
- Social and natural environments, human adaptations to them.
- Ecosystems and their inherent patterns. Habitats of organisms.
- Ecological factors: abiotic, biotic. Anthropogenic factor.
- Their importance.
- Ecosystem (biogeocenosis), its components: producers, consumers, Reducers, their role.
- Species and spatial structure of the ecosystem.
- Trophic levels.
- Food chains and networks, their links.
- Rules of ecological pyramids.
- Drawing up diagrams of the transfer of substances and energy (food chains).
- Diversity of ecosystems (biogeocenoses).
- Self-development and change of ecosystems.
- Ecosystem stability and dynamics.
- Biodiversity, self-regulation and circulation of substances – the basis of sustainable development ecosystems.
- Causes of stability and change of ecosystems.
- Changes in ecosystems under the influence of human activity.
- Agroecosystems, the main differences from natural ecosystems.
- The biosphere is a global ecosystem.
- The doctrine V.I.Vernadsky about the biosphere.
- Living matter, its functions.
- Features of biomass distribution on Earth.
- Biological cycle and energy conversion in the biosphere, the role of organisms of different kingdoms in it.
- Evolution of the biosphere.
- Global changes in the biosphere caused by the activity of man (violation of the ozone screen, acid rain, greenhouse effect, etc.).
- Problems of sustainable development of the biosphere.
- Rules of conduct in the natural environment