Chemistry program for entrance tests to Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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To conduct entrance examinations in the traditional form for certain categories of citizens upon admission to the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education VolgSMU of the Ministry of Health of Russia
I. Theoretical foundations of chemistry
- Subject and tasks of chemistry.
- Place of chemistry among natural sciences.
- Chemistry and medicine.
- Atomic-molecular doctrine.
- Atoms and molecules.
- Relative atomic and molecular mass.
- Mole is a unit of amount of substance.
- Molar mass.
- Chemical element, simple and complex substance, mixture of substances.
- The concept of allotropic modifications.
- Chemical symbols. formulas and equations.
- Basic laws of chemistry.
- Law of conservation of mass of substance, its importance in chemistry.
- The law of constancy of the composition of matter.
- Avogadro’s law and its consequences.
- Avogadro’s number.
- The structure of nuclei and electron shells of atoms and elements of the first four periods of the periodic table. Isotopes.
- Electron and electron-graphic formulas.
- The periodic law and the structure of the periodic table of D.I. Mendeleyev.
- The modern formulation of the periodic law and its significance for understanding the scientific picture of the world, the development of science and technology.
- Types of chemical bonds: covalent (polar and non-polar), ionic, hydrogen (intra- and intermolecular), metallic.
- Examples of compounds with different types of bonds.
- Valence and oxidation state.
- Structural formulas.
- Various states of aggregation of matter.
- Amorphous and crystalline substances.
- Types of crystal lattices.
- The concept of the structure of complex compounds using zinc and aluminum compounds as an example.
- Types of chemical reactions: reactions of combination, decomposition, substitution and exchange.
- Thermal effects of chemical reactions (exo- and endothermic reactions).
- Oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Typical oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
- Electrolysis of aqueous solutions and molten electrolytes, its essence and practical significance.
- Equations of electrochemical reactions.
- The rate of chemical reactions and its dependence on the nature of the reactants, concentration, temperature.
- The rate constant of a chemical reaction.
- Catalysis and catalysts.
- Reversibility of chemical reactions.
- Chemical equilibrium and its conditions displacements.
- Solutions.
- Water, structure of water molecule, physical and chemical properties.
- Importance of water for vital functions of organisms and humans.
- Solubility of substances.
- Dependence of solubility of substances on their nature, temperature and pressure.
- Types of solutions (gaseous, liquid and solid).
- Thermal effect of dissolution.
- Expression of composition of solutions (mass and volume fraction, molar concentration).
- Concept of colloidal solutions. Importance of solutions in medicine, biology and practical human activities.
- Electrolytic dissociation.
- Degree of dissociation.
- Strong and weak electrolytes.
- Ion exchange reactions.
- Properties of acids, bases and salts in light of the theory of electrolytic dissociation.
- Oxides, classification, nomenclature, methods of production and properties.
- Acids, classification, nomenclature, methods of production and properties.
- Neutralization reaction.
- Bases, classification, nomenclature, methods of production and properties.
- Alkalis, their production, properties and application.
- Salts (neutral, acidic, basic, double), nomenclature, methods of obtaining and properties.
- Hydrolysis of salts.
- Crystal hydrates.
II. Inorganic Chemistry
- Hydrogen, its physical and chemical properties (interaction with inorganic and organic substances).
- Hydrogen production in the laboratory and industry.
- Use of hydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel and raw material in the chemical industry.
- General characteristics of halogens.
- Halogen compounds in nature and their application.
- Chlorine, its physical and chemical properties (reactions with inorganic and organic substances), production.
- Properties and methods of production of hydrogen chloride and chlorides, hypochlorites and chlorates.
- Medical and biological significance of chlorine compounds.
- General characteristics of the elements of the main subgroup of group VI of the periodic table.
- Oxygen, comparison of the physical and chemical properties of oxygen and ozone, oxidation-reduction reactions involving hydrogen peroxide.
- Production of oxygen in the laboratory and industry.
- The oxygen cycle in nature, application in medicine and technology.
- Sulfur, its physical and chemical properties.
- Properties and methods of obtaining sulfur compounds: hydrogen sulfide and sulfides, oxides (+4) and (+6), sulfites, sulfuric acid and sulfates.
- The biological role of sulfur and the use of sulfur compounds in medicine.
- General characteristics of the elements of the main subgroup of group V of the periodic table.
- Nitrogen, its physical and chemical properties, production.
- Properties of ammonia and ammonium salts, nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid and nitrites, nitric acid and nitrates.
- Chemical principles of production of ammonia and nitric acid, their application. Biological role of nitrogen.
- Phosphorus, its allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties.
- Properties of phosphorus compounds: hydrogen phosphide, phosphides, phosphorus oxides (+3) and (+5), phosphoric acid and phosphates.
- Biological role of phosphorus.
- General characteristics of the elements of the main subgroup of group IV of the periodic table.
- Carbon, its allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties.
- Carbon oxides (+2) and +4), their chemical properties and methods of production.
- Carbonic acid and its salts. Carbon in the body.
- Silicon, its physical and chemical properties.
- Silicon oxide (+4), silicic acid, silicates, their properties and methods of production.
- Silicon compounds in nature, their use in technology.
- Metals, their position in the periodic table and features of the structure of atoms, physical and chemical properties.
- General methods of obtaining metals.
- Electrochemical series of metal voltages.
- Metals and alloys in technology and medicine.
- General characteristics of alkali metals based on their position in the periodic table of D. I. Mendeleyev.
- Properties of sodium, potassium and their most important compounds (oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, hydrides and salts).
- Prevalence in nature, application and medical and biological significance.
- General characteristics of the elements of the main subgroup of group II of the periodic table.
- Calcium and magnesium, properties of their compounds (oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, hydrides and salts).
- Occurrence in nature and application, significance for living organisms.
- Water hardness and methods of its elimination.
- Aluminum, characteristics of the element based on its position in the periodic table.
- Properties of aluminum and its compounds, amphoteric nature of aluminum oxide and hydroxide.
- Application of aluminum and its alloys.
- Copper, characteristics of the element from the point of view of the structure of the atom and position in the series of metal stresses.
- Properties of copper compounds (+1) and (+2),
- Biological role of copper and the use of its compounds in medicine.
- Zinc, characteristics of the element based on its position in the periodic table.
- Interaction of zinc with halogens, sulfur and acids.
- Properties of zinc oxide and hydroxide.
- Biological role of zinc and application of its compounds in medicine.
- Chromium, features of its electronic structure.
- Changes in acid-base and oxidation-reduction properties of chromium oxides and hydroxides with increasing oxidation state of the element.
- Chromates and dichromates, their properties.
- Manganese, valence electrons and characteristic oxidation states.
- Changes in acid-base and oxidation-reduction properties of manganese compounds with increasing oxidation state of the element.
- Potassium permanganate, its reduction in acidic, neutral and alkaline environments.
- Manganese compounds in medicine.
- Iron, electron configuration of the atom, characteristic oxidation states, physical and chemical properties.
- Oxides, hydroxides and salts of iron (+2) and (+3), dependence of their properties on the oxidation state of the element.
- The most important alloys and ores of iron.
- The importance of iron for living organisms.
III. Organic Chemistry
- Theory of chemical structure of organic compounds by A.M. Butlerov.
- Dependence of properties of substances on chemical structure.
- Isomerism.
- Electronic nature of chemical bonds in molecules of organic compounds, methods of breaking bonds, concept of free radicals.
- Alkanes, their electronic and spatial structure (sp3 -hybridization), homologous series of alkanes, methane.
- Nomenclature and isomerism of alkanes.
- Their physical and chemical properties, production.
- Saturated hydrocarbons in nature.
- The concept of the structure and properties of cycloalkanes.
- Alkenes, their electronic and spatial structure (sp2 -hybridization), homologous series of alkynes, nomenclature and isomerism of alkenes, physical and chemical properties, production and application.
- Alkynes, features of their electronic and spatial structure (sp-hybridization).
- Homologous series of alkynes, nomenclature and isomerism.
- Acetylene, its physical and chemical properties, production by the carbide method and from methane, application.
- General concepts of the chemistry of high-molecular compounds (monomer, polymer, elementary unit and degree of polymerization, average molecular weight).
- Dependence of polymer properties on their structure.
- Polymerization and polycondensation reactions.
- Polyethylene.
- Concept of diene hydrocarbons.
- Natural and synthetic rubber, structure, properties and production.
- Benzene, its electronic structure, physical and chemical properties, production and application. Homologues of benzene.
- The concept of mutual influence of atoms using toluene as an example.
- The relationship between aromatic, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons.
- Alcohols, their structure, nomenclature and isomerism, physical and chemical properties.
- Methyl and ethyl alcohols, their properties, production and areas of application.
- Toxicity of alcohols, their harmful effect on the human body.
- Genetic relationship between alcohols and hydrocarbons.
- Features of polyhydric alcohols (ethylene glycol and glycerin).
- Phenol, its structure, mutual influence of atoms in the molecule.
- Physical and chemical properties of phenol in comparison with the properties of alcohols.
- Application areas.
- Environmental protection from industrial waste containing phenol.
- Aldehydes, structure, nomenclature, isomerism, physical and chemical properties.
- Obtaining and using formic and acetic aldehydes, their properties and medical and biological significance.
- Carboxylic acids.
- Homologous series of saturated monobasic acids, their structure, nomenclature, isomerism.
- Mutual influence of the carboxyl group and hydrocarbon radical, influence of substituents in the radical on acidity.
- Physical and chemical properties of carboxylic acids.
- Acetic, formic, stearic, palmitic and oleic acids.
- Obtaining and areas of application of carboxylic acids
- Esters, their structure, physical and chemical properties.
- The mechanism of the esterification reaction.
- Fats in nature, their structure and properties, chemical processing of fats and their application.
- Synthetic detergents, their importance.
- Environmental protection from pollution by synthetic detergents.
- Carbohydrates, structure, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties.
- Isomerism.
- The most important representatives: glucose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose.
- Disaccharides: maltose and sucrose, their structural features and properties, hydrolysis.
- Application areas and biological significance of the named compounds.
- Starch and cellulose, their structure, physical and chemical properties, role in nature.
- Application of cellulose and its derivatives.
- Concept of artificial fibers.
- Amines, structure, methods of production, areas of application.
- Properties of amines as organic bases.
- Aniline, structure, properties, production from nitrobenzene, practical significance of aniline.
- Amino acids, their structural features, nomenclature, isomerism, physical and chemical properties, significance in nature.
- Individual representatives of alpha-amino acids: glycine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, cysteine, lysine, phenylalanine. Peptides, their structure and properties.
- Proteins, their structure and biological role.
- Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
- Structural features and chemical properties of individual representatives: pyridine, pyrrole, pyrimidine and purine.
- Structure and medical and biological significance of pyrimidine and purine bases (cytosine, uracil, thymine, adenine, guanine).
- Nucleotides and polynucleotides, their structure.
- Nucleotide composition of RNA and DNA.
- Differences in their structure, the principle of complementarity in the construction of the double helix of DNA.
- The role of nucleic acids in life cells.
Typical calculation tasks
- Calculation of the mass or volume fraction of a component.
- Calculation of molar concentration.
- Calculation of relative densities of substances in a gaseous state.
- Calculation of the volume of a gaseous substance of known mass or known quantities under normal conditions.
- Determining the molecular formula of a substance by the mass fraction of elements or by masses of combustion products.
- Calculation of the mass (volume, amount of substance) of one of the participants in the reaction known mass (volume, amount of substance) of the other participant in the reaction.
- The same, with preliminary determination of which of the substances enters into the reaction fully.
- The same, taking into account the yield of reaction products as a percentage of the theoretical one. possible. reaction.
- The same, taking into account the mass fraction of impurities in the reagent.
- Determination of the composition of salt (acidic or medium) by the masses of substances entering into
- Determination of the composition of a two- or three-component mixture based on the masses of substances formed during one or more reactions.
All calculation tasks can be both in direct and inverse versions (for example, calculating the mass fraction of substance based on its mass and the known mass of a solution, or calculating the mass of a substance based on the known mass fraction and mass of a solution). Complex tasks include two or more of the listed typical tasks.
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