» Biological terminology
» Key discoveries in biology and medicine
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» Basic metabolic pathways
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Inspiring Excellence in Medical Education
Principles of biology
» Basic attributes of living systems
» Biological disciplines, biotechnology, biomedicine, main branches of medicine
Cell biology
» Structure and organization of cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plant, animal)
» Origin, structure, and function of mitochondria
» Origin, structure, and function of chloroplasts, photosynthesis
» Structure and function of ribosomes
» Nucleus and chromatin, human karyotype
» Cell cycle, mitosis, their regulation and errors
» Meiosis, crossing over, oogenesis and spermatogenesis, gametes, fertilization
Virology, bacteriology, protistology, zoology, botany, and mycology
» Classification, basic characteristics, structure and reproduction of viruses
» Retroviruses and reverse transcription
» Viral diseases
» Viroids, prions and associated diseases
» Eubacteria and Archea, their reproduction and importance
» Bacterial infections and their therapy
» Protists, their taxonomy and classification
» Parasitic protists and associated diseases
» Taxonomy and evolution of animals
» Classification, reproduction, ontogenesis and body structure of invertebrates
» Parasitic invertebrates (helmints, arthropods), their life cycle and associated diseases
» Classification, reproduction, ontogenesis and body structure of chordates
» Taxonomy, evolution and reproduction of plants and fungi
» Medically important fungi (parasitic, producing antibiotics or toxic compounds)
Evolution
» Evolutionary theories, Darwin’s concept of evolution, neodarwinism, selfish gene theory
» Evolutionary factors: variability, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow
» Origin of life, prebiotic evolution, evolution of cellular organisms, fossils
» Evolution of Homo sapiens, its ancestors and related species
Ecology
» Biotic and abiotic factors, population, community, ecosystem, biome, species diversity
» Food web, food chain, producers, consumers, decomposers
» Interspecific and intraspecific relationships
» Toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic factors of the human environment, genotoxicity testing
» Global environmental issues and environmental protection
Molecular genetics
» Central dogma of molecular biology
» Structure and function of nucleic acids and proteins
» DNA replication, transcription, translation and genetic code
» Genome, chromosome, and gene structure
» Regulation of gene expression
» Mutations and their consequences
» Basic molecular genetic methods
Genetics
» Genotype and phenotype
» Mendel laws and Mendelian and non-Mendelian modes of inheritance
» Gene linkage and gene interactions
» Population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
» Clinical genetics, genetic counselling and prevention of genetic disorders, prenatal examination
» Medically important autosomal recessive, dominant, sex-linked and multifactorial traits
» Medically important chromosomal abnormalities
» Germline and somatic genetic defects in cancer
Basic human biology
» Basic anatomy and physiology of the human body, tissues and organ systems
» Skeleton, structure and development of bones, disorders of the musculoskeletal system
» Most important muscles and the mechanism of muscular contraction
» Basic components and function of blood, blood groups and transfusion
» Heart and circulatory system, blood vessels, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiovascular diseases
» Immunity, lymphatic system, antibodies, vaccination and transplantation, disorders of the immune system
» Respiration, respiratory system and its disorders
» Digestive system and basic nutrients, vitamins, their sources and importance, eating disorders, obesity
» Excretion, urinary system, production and composition of urine, diseases of the urinary system
» Skin, its structure and importance, skin diseases
» Central and peripheral nervous system, its anatomy and function, sensory organs and receptors
» Disorders and injuries of the nervous system, stress, psychiatric diseases, addiction
» Exocrine and endocrine glands, endocrine system and its disorders, hormones
» Reproductive system and human reproduction, embryogenesis, organogenesis, prenatal care, inborn defects
» Disorders of human reproduction, assisted reproduction, sexually transmitted diseases
» Cancer, its origin, carcinogens, cancer prevention
a cause for discovery
Our story
We were once students in the Faculty of Medicine and we were exposed to tests almost daily on a continuous basis throughout the six academic years. The idea came to us to collect these questions and models available on medical websites and medical sources to draw an easier path for the coming generations after us so that they have this encyclopedia that is in front of you now, making it easier for you to practice on the question models in every medical subject until you graduate from your university and then prepare for the international equivalency tests. We did not forget our brothers who are looking for admission to medical universities, as we provided them with a very large library of questions included in the admission tests for medical universities around the world. With this encyclopedia that you see now, be sure that you will not come across a question in any medical test that you did not see in our medical encyclopedia