Program on the basics of human anatomy and physiology for entrance tests at Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia

Program on the basics of human anatomy and physiology for entrance tests at Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia

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PROGRAM FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

To conduct entrance examinations in the traditional form for certain categories of citizens upon admission to the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education VolgSMU of the Ministry of Health of Russia

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY AS A THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF MODERN CLINICAL DISCIPLINES

General characteristics of the discipline

• Anatomy and physiology as fundamental medical sciences.
• Subject and methods of anatomy and physiology.
• Goals and objectives of anatomy and physiology.
• Human position in nature.
• Object and methods of anatomical research.
• Planes, axes and main landmarks in anatomy.
• Object and methods of research in physiology.

THE HUMAN BODY AS A SINGLE WHOLE CELL, TISSUES, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS.

Cell: structure, properties, functions

• Formation and main provisions of the cell theory.
• Structure of pro- and eukaryotic cells.
• Elemental and molecular composition of the cell.
• Inorganic substances included in cell composition.
• The role of water and minerals in cell activity.
• Features of the structure of organic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids acids, ATP in connection with the functions performed.
• Enzymes, their role in the cell
• Morphofunctional characteristics of the cell: general concepts of the cell and its functions, chemical organization of the cell; plasma membrane, cytoplasm and its components, organelles and inclusions.
• Cell nucleus: functions, components.
  • Morphofunctional features of the components of the nucleus at different periods of the cell cycle.
  • Structure and functions of human chromosomes.
  • Structure and types of human metaphase chromosomes.
  • Concept of karyotype.
  • Modern methods of cytological analysis of chromosomes.
  • Concept of hetero- and euchromatin.
  • Sex chromatin.
• Metabolism and energy conversion in the cell.
• The importance of ATP in energy metabolism.
• Respiration.
• Photosynthesis.
• Reactions of matrix synthesis.
• Biosynthesis proteins.
• The relationship between the processes of plastic and energy metabolism.
• Cell cycle and its periods.
• Phases of mitosis.
• Mitotic activity of various tissues.
• Main stages and biological meaning of meiosis.

Fabrics: definition, types.

• Definition of tissue.
• Classification of tissues.
• Features of cell and tissue regeneration.
• Epithelial tissue: types, structural features, position in the body, functions.
• Connective tissue: types (connective tissue proper, cartilaginous and bone tissue, adipose tissue, blood and lymph), structural features, functions.
• Connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, tissue basophils, mast cells, adventitial cells, pigment cells) their brief characteristics and functions.
• Connective tissue fibers, their brief characteristics, properties.
• Muscle tissue: structural features of smooth and striated muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue.
• Significance and location in the body.
• Structural features of muscle cells.
• Nervous tissue.
  • Neuron: structure, functions, types of neurons.
  • Neuroglia.
  • Nerve fiber, types of nerve fibers (myelinated, unmyelinated), their histological features.

The concept of an organ and organ system

• The organism as a whole.
• Organ: definition, types of organs.
  • Features of the structure of hollow and parenchymatous organs.
  • Organ systems.
  • The organism as a whole.

BONE SYSTEM. GENERAL PROVISIONS. CONNECTION OF BONES. The importance of the :

skeletal system in the body.

• Bone as an organ.
  • Bone cells.
  • Intercellular substance.
  • Classification of bones.
  • Structure of bone as an organ.
  • Chemical composition of bone.
  • Periosteum.
  • Shape of bones.
  • Concept of bone marrow.
  • Bone development in human ontogenesis.
  • Bone connections.
  • Classification of connections.
    • Continuous connections: syndesmoses, synchondroses, synostoses.
    • Joints, their structure, classification, types of movements in joints.

Skeleton of the trunk.

• Spinal column.
• Structure of vertebrae.
• Features of the structure of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae.
• Joints of the spinal column, its curves.
• Chest.
• Ribs: rib structure.
  • Types of ribs: true, false, fluctuating. Structure of the sternum.
  • Joints of the bones of the chest. Variants and anomalies.

Skeleton of the upper limb.

• Bones of the girdle of the upper limb.
  • Clavicle, scapula.
  • Bones of the free upper limb: humerus, bones of the forearm and hand.
  • Shoulder, elbow, wrist joints, joints of the hand: structure, shape, types of movements.
• Skeleton of the lower limb.
  • Structure of the pelvic girdle.
  • Pelvic bone.
    • Pelvis: formation, pelvic dimensions.
    • Sexual differences in the pelvis.
  • Bones of the free lower limb: femur, shin and foot bones.
    • Hip, knee, ankle joints, foot joints, their structure, shape, types of movements.
    • Arches of the foot.

Skeleton of the head.

• The structure of the bones of the cranium: frontal, sphenoid, occipital, parietal, ethmoid, temporal.
• The structure of the bones of the facial part of the skull: the upper and lower jaws, the lower nasal concha, vomer, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, hyoid.
• The skull as a whole.
• The cranial vault, the external and internal base of the skull.
• The anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
• The eye socket.
• The nasal cavity.
• The joints of the bones of the skull.
• The skull of a newborn.
• Sexual and individual features of the skull.

MUSCLE SYSTEM. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES BY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. FASCIA.

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY. GENERAL MYOLOGY.

• Structure of skeletal muscle.
• Accessory apparatus of muscles.
• Classification of muscles by shape, structure and function.
• Strength and work of muscles.
• Factors determining muscle strength.
• Theory of muscle contraction.
• Muscle fatigue and its causes.
• Importance of muscle training.
• Physiological features of smooth muscles.

The main muscle groups of the human body.

• Muscles and fascia of the back and chest.
  • Superficial and deep muscles of the back.
  • Back fascia.
  • Superficial and proper muscles of the chest.
  • Diaphragm.
• Muscles and fascia of the abdomen.
  • Anterior, lateral and posterior abdominal muscles.
  • Abdominal press.
  • White line of the abdomen.
  • Umbilical ring. Inguinal canal.
• Muscles and fascia of the upper limb.
  • Muscles of the girdle of the upper limb.
  • Muscles of the free upper limb: shoulder, forearm and hand. Axillary and elbow fossa.
• Muscles and fascia of the lower limb.
  • Muscles of the girdle of the lower limb.
    • Muscles of the free lower limb: thighs, shins, feet.
      • Femoral canal.
      • Popliteal pit.
• Classification of the muscles of the head.
  • Facial and chewing muscles.
  • Classification of the muscles of the neck.
  • Superficial muscles of the neck.
  • Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles of the neck.
  • Deep muscles of the neck.
  • Carotid triangle.
  • First aid for bruises, sprains, dislocations, fractures.

ORGAN SYSTEMS.

Digestive system.

• Nutrients and food products.
• Nutrition.
• Digestion.
  • The importance of digestion.
  • The alimentary canal and digestive glands.
  • The structure of the wall of the alimentary canal. I.P. Pavlov’s works on the study of the physiology of digestion.
• Oral cavity.
• The vestibule and the oral cavity proper, their walls.
• Palate: hard palate, soft palate.
  • Palatine tonsils.
• Structure of teeth.
  • Milk teeth, permanent teeth.
• Structure and functions of the tongue.
• Salivary glands, their structure, position and ducts.
• Digestion in the oral cavity.
• The act of chewing.
• The composition and properties of saliva, its effect on food.
  • The mechanism of salivation.
  • Absorption in the oral cavity.
• Pharynx.
  • Structure and functions of the pharynx.
  • Pharynx.
  • The act of swallowing.
• Lymphoid ring.
• Esophagus.
  • Structure, sections and position of the esophagus.
• Stomach.
  • Position, sections and structure of the stomach.
  • Functions of the stomach.
  • Glands of the stomach.
  • Composition and properties of gastric juice.
  • Digestion in the stomach.
  • Mechanism of gastric juice secretion.
  • Methods of studying the secretion of gastric glands.
  • Absorption in the stomach.
  • Movements of the stomach.
• Small intestine.
  • Duodenum: structure and functions.
  • Mesenteric part small intestine (jejunum and ileum), structure and functions.
• Pancreas.
  • Structure of the pancreas.
  • Importance of the pancreas for digestion.
  • Composition and properties of pancreatic juice.
• Liver Structure, position and functions of the liver.
  • Structural and structural-functional units of the liver.
  • Hepatic ducts.
  • Common bile duct.
  • Formation and secretion of bile.
  • Composition of bile.
  • Role in digestion.
• Digestion in the small intestine.
  • Digestion in the duodenum.
  • Composition and properties of intestinal juice.
  • Movement of the small intestine.
  • Absorption in the small intestine.

• Large intestine.
  • Sections of the large intestine.
  • Structure, position and functions of the large intestine.
  • Similarities and differences in the structure of the small and large intestine.
  • Movement of the large intestine.
  • The role of E. coli in digestion in the large intestine.
  • Processes occurring in the large intestine.

• Peritoneum.
  • Structure, position and functions of the peritoneum.
  • Parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum.
  • Extraperitoneal, intraperitoneal and mesoperitoneal position of organs.
  • Derivatives of the peritoneum: ligaments, mesentery, oil seals.

• General characteristics of the causes of digestive disorders: nutritional errors, smoking, alcohol consumption and other adverse effects.

Respiratory system.

• The role of breathing in the life of the organism.
• General principles of the structure of the respiratory tract.
• The relationship between the structure of the respiratory system organs and their function.
• Nose.
  • External nose.
  • Nasal cavity.
  • Nasal turbinates and nasal passages.
  • Paranasal sinuses.
  • Choanae.
• Nasopharynx.
• Pharyngeal and tubal tonsils.
• Larynx: structure, topography and functions.
  • Laryngeal cartilages.
  • Laryngeal cavity.
  • Vocal cords and glottis.
  • Brief information about the muscles of the larynx.
  • Age-related features.
• Trachea and bronchi: structure, topography and functions.
  • Age-related features.
  • Topography of function.
• Lungs: Structural structure, structural and functional units of the lung.
• Projections of boundaries on the body surface.
• Pleura: structure and functions.
  • Parietal and visceral pleura.
  • Pleural cavity.
• Mediastinum.
  • Organs of the mediastinum.
  • Sections of the mediastinum.
  • Age-related features mediastinum.

• Physiology of respiration.
  • Phases of respiration.
  • Respiratory apparatus, its active and passive parts.
  • Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation.
  • Negative pressure in the pleural cavity.
  • Respiratory center.
  • Regulation of the respiratory center.
  • Transport of gases by blood.
  • Volumes of pulmonary air: vital capacity of the lungs, tidal volume, reserve volumes of inhalation and exhalation, residual volume.
  • Pulmonary ventilation.
  • Protective respiratory reflexes.
  • Breathing under conditions of high and low pressure.
  • Artificial respiration.
  • Smoking as a cause of respiratory diseases.

Urogenital system. General information about the urinary and genital system in relation to their functions.

• Kidneys.
  • Structure, topography and functions of the kidneys.
  • Structural and structural-functional units of the kidney.
  • Kidney membranes.
  • Fixing apparatus of the kidney.
  • Minor renal calyces, major renal calyces, renal pelvis: structure, functions.
  • Microscopic structure of the kidney.
  • kidney development and female urethra.
• Structure of the nephron.
  • Features of the circulatory system.
  • Anomalies and defects
• Ureters: structure, topography.
• Urinary bladder: structure, topography.
• Urethra: structure and functions of the male
• Isolation.
  • Mechanism of urine formation and urination.
  • Composition, properties and quantity of urine.
  • Urine excretion.
  • Regulation of kidney function.
  • Urination disorders.
• Male and female genital organs.
  • General characteristics.
  • Anomalies in development.
  • Reproductive function disorders, causes, prevention.
  • Peculiarities of human reproduction and development.
  • Gametogenesis.
  • Spermatogenesis.
  • Initial undifferentiated germ cells.
  • Periods of spermatogenesis.
  • Development of spermatozoa during prenatal development.
  • Development of spermatozoa during puberty and until old age.
  • Oogenesis.
    • Initial undifferentiated germ cells.
    • Periods of oogenesis.
    • The process of oogenesis.
    • Features of eggs.
    • Differences between germ cells and somatic cells.
  • Fertilization.
    • General characteristics of the fertilization process and its biological significance.
    • Development of the embryo at the blastula stage.
    • Types of cleavage and types of blastula.
    • Gastrulation.
    • General characteristics of the gastrulation process.
    • Formation of a two- and three-layer embryo: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.
  • Neurulation.
  • Histo- and organogenesis.
  • Fertilization and intrauterine development.
    • Pregnancy and childbirth.
    • Newborn care.
    • Postembryonic human development.
    • Peculiarities of development of children and adolescents.
    • The importance of physical education and sports for normal development and strengthening of the body.
    • The influence of alcohol, tobacco and drugs on human cells, organs and organ systems in the embryonic and postembryonic periods.

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