Cq-Platform https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rss2.html Gateway Blog Chemistry Water hardness and ways to eliminate it Properties of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and their compounds Properties of chromium(Il) and (III) oxides and hydroxides, chromates and dichromates Properties of potassium permanganate; reduction of permanganate ion in acidic, neutral and alkaline media Properties of iron, oxides and hydroxides of iron(IL) and (III) Properties of copper(D) and (II) compounds General characteristics of the IVA-, VA-, VIA-, VIIA-groups of the Periodic Table Acid-base balance in the body. Metabolic pathways overview (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation). Enzyme function: active site, specificity, inhibition. Structure of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. Intro to biomolecules in metabolism. Biologically relevant molecules: glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, lipids. Isomerism: structural & stereoisomerism. Amines, amides, esters. Alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids. Introduction to functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics. Biological redox systems (hemoglobin, metabolism). Electrolytic cells & Faraday’s laws. Galvanic cells, standard electrode potentials. Balancing redox equations. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Applications in biological systems (blood buffer, respiratory equilibrium). Solubility product (Ksp) & common ion effect. Acid-base equilibrium: Ka, Kb, pKa, pH, buffers. Equilibrium constant (Kc, Kp). Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle. Reaction mechanisms & rate laws. Reaction rates: factors affecting rate, catalysts, activation energy. Endothermic vs exothermic reactions. Enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy. Laws of thermodynamics (focus on 1st and 2nd). Acid-base concepts: Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis. Colligative properties: boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure. Solutions: solubility, concentration units (M, m, %, ppm). Gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’, Avogadro’s, Ideal Gas Law). Properties of solids, liquids, gases. Stoichiometry: mole concept, molar mass, chemical equations, limiting reagents. Molecular geometry and polarity (VSEPR theory). Chemical bonding: [ ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding. ] Periodic table trends: atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy. Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons. Biology Ethical issues in biotechnology Biomedical applications (stem cells, cloning, regenerative medicine) Industrial microbiology (antibiotics, fermentation) Microbiology basics (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa)